Saturday, January 31, 2015

sugar glider

anis teringin nak sugar glider pulak dahhh
ayah pun usha2 dalam mudah n jumpa
sekor sugar dgn rege rm150, female

ni dia sugar glider anis
dia panggil sugar aje
kecik cemetot je dia nih
comelllllll sangat2

skrg masih garang lagi
kena rajin main2 dgn dia baru jinak


suka makan epal n pisang
layan kan ajo






Tuesday, January 20, 2015

Financial Management (Chapter 20: Corporate Risk Management)

20.1   Five-Step Corporate Risk Management Process

1) The major risks assumed by firms include
A) demand risk.
B) foreign-exchange risk.
C) operational risk.
D) all of the above.


2) Aspects of demand risk controllable by the firm include
A) product quality.
B) interest rates.
C) entry of external competitors.
D) status of the regional and national economy.


3) An example of commodity risk would be
A) volatile exchange rates with countries from which commodities are imported.
B) the price of copper for electrical contractors.
C) volatile exchange rates with countries to which commodities are exported.
D) raw materials that do not meet quality specifications.



4) Assume that government and insurance providers pressure physicians to prescribe generic drugs whenever possible. For the producers of branded drugs, this change represents
A) insurable risk.                                                       
B) operational risk.
C) demand risk.
D) hedgeable risk.


5) Eliminating all possible risk will ultimately
A) guarantee the highest possible cash flow over the long run.
B) cancel out all profits with cost of hedging.
C) result in lower expected cash flow but the highest cash flow for the worst case scenario.
D) guarantee that the firm will not experience losses.


6) Which of the following are part of the five step corporate risk management process?
A) Identify and understand the firm's major risks
B) Decide how much risk to assume
C) Monitor and manage the risks the firm assumes
D) All of the above



7) Firms that wish to minimize risk will attempt to
A) minimize the standard deviation of expected cash flows.
B) maximize the standard deviation of expected cash flows.
C) maximize expected cash flows.
D) balance expected cash flows with the standard deviation of expected cash flows.


8) The optimal corporate risk management strategy is to
A) avoid or transfer every possible risk.
B) do nothing to transfer risk.
C) transfer about half the risk.
D) there is no strategy that is optimal for all firms.


9) Which of the following scenarios carries the least risk of NOT being able to meet required payments (capital expenditure, dividend, interest and principal requirements) totaling $96 million?
A) Expected cash flow, $116 million, standard deviation $5 million
B) Expected cash flow, $107 million, standard deviation $5.5 million
C) Expected cash flow, $112 million, standard deviation $8 million
D) Expected cash flow, $134 million, standard deviation $38 million



10) Which of the following scenarios carries the greatest risk of NOT being able to meet required payments (capital expenditure, dividend, interest and principal requirements) totaling $96 million?
A) Expected cash flow, $116 million, standard deviation $5 million
B) Expected cash flow, $107 million, standard deviation $5.5 million
C) Expected cash flow, $112 million, standard deviation $8 million
D) Expected cash flow, $134 million, standard deviation $38 million


11) Some risks cannot be transferred to other parties.
Answer:  TRUE


12) Well managed firms will always seek to transfer as much risk as possible.
Answer:  FALSE


13) A major factor impacting the demand for residential real estate is the availability of credit.
Answer:  TRUE


14) Foreign-exchange risk can be important even for firms that have only U.S. operations.
Answer:  TRUE



15) A manufacturer of breakfast cereals should always be fully hedged against both rising and falling grain prices.
Answer:  FALSE


16) Political risk is only a factor when the firm is considering foreign direct investments.
Answer:  FALSE


17) In 2010, a deep water oil drilling rig owned by British Petroleum exploded in the Gulf of Mexico resulting in the deaths of several crew members, one of the worst ecological disasters in history, and major financial damage to the company. How could the five step corporate risk management process have avoided or mitigated this disaster.

Answer:  

Step 1, BP clearly did not adequately identify or understand the risks of deep water drilling, especially the environmental risks. 

Step 2, BP could have, and did, purchase insurance which helped with the financial impact. Environmental risk, however, is not transferable. 

Step 3, BP may have assumed too much risk in this case, however, the company did not suffer a fatal financial blow, in part because of insurance coverage. 

Step 4, BP most likely did not incorporate an adequate assessment of risk into all of its decision making processes including the choice of subcontractors. 

Step 5, adequate monitoring and managing of the risk factors of this project might have led to shutting down the well before the explosion and avoided the disaster completely.



18) What is the general rule that firms should follow when deciding how much risk to assume?

Answer:  Unfortunately, there is no such rule. Excessive aversion to risk will cause the firm to accept only projects with low rates of return. Other means of avoiding or transferring risk such as purchasing insurance or hedging in the futures or derivatives market have costs that reduce or even eliminate positive cash flows. 

In the end, the firm must try to decide how much risk its shareholders want it to accept in the pursuit of positive cash flows. At the limit, the firm should probably try to avoid the potential for bankruptcy, while keeping in mind that shareholders could have bought Treasury Bills but chose to buy the company's stock.


19) What are some of the means by which firms can transfer risk to other parties? Should firms always transfer risks when it is possible to do so?

Answer:  Firms can purchase insurance policies which transfer certain risks to the insuring party. Companies can and often do purchase policies to cover lawsuits brought by employees or customers, worksite accidents, fire or storm damage, and the like. 

Businesses like ski resorts can even purchase weather insurance. Firms cans use derivatives markets (futures and options contracts) to protect themselves against sudden spikes or declines in commodity prices or financial assets, as well adverse moves in currency exchange rates. 

Transferring risk is costly, so it always reduces cash flows. The decision to keep or transfer risk must result from a cost/benefit analysis and an attempt to discern the preferences of their shareholders.



20.2   Managing Risk with Insurance Contracts

1) Which of the following types of risk cannot typically be transferred to an insurance company?
A) Losses due to property damage from storms
B) Losses due to on-the job injuries suffered by employees
C) Losses due to rising raw materials costs that cannot be passed on to customers
D) Losses due to the untimely death of an employee in a key position


2) Self insurance is the practice of
A) holding reserves within the firm to cover potential losses.
B) CEO's holding large life insurance policies on themselves, payable to the company.
C) companies in unrelated businesses forming subsidiaries to cover their insurance needs.
D) purchasing insurance policies directly rather than through a broker.


3) Which of the following is a consequence of transferring risk to an insurance company?
A) An increase in stock value because risk has been reduced.
B) A guaranteed small loss in exchange for protection against large losses.
C) Higher rates of return because the firm is now free to pursue high-risk projects.
D) Protection against losses at no significant cost to the firm.



4) Self-insurance would not provide adequate protection in which of the following circumstances?
A) Unemployment insurance for a firm that rarely lays off employees.
B) Damage to the company's own vehicles.
C) Major ecological disasters resulting from oil spills.
D) Revenue lost because of bad weather during the peak shopping season.


5) Which of the following types of insurance does NOT involve a contract with an external party?
A) Property insurance
B) Life insurance
C) Directors and officers insurance
D) Self insurance


6) Which of the following should determine whether or not the firm should purchase insurance from an outside party?
A) Only the frequency of incidents
B) The cost of the policy and the expected losses
C) Only the maximum size of incidents
D) Only the firms normal cash reserves



7) Which of the following individual situations would best justify the cost of a life insurance policy?
A) Single income with young children
B) Single income, no dependents
C) Dual income, grown children
D) Married couple, each had substantial income before retirement


8) Which of the following types of insurance cannot be sold in the United States?
A) Insurance that protects against loss of revenue due to bad weather
B) Insurance that protects a companies executives and directors from lawsuits
C) Life insurance which pays the corporation when an employee dies
D) All these types of insurance can be sold in the U. S.


9) Workers' compensation insurance provides coverage for on-the-job injuries suffered by employees.
Answer:  TRUE


10) Workers' compensation insurance protects employees income in case they are laid off or fired.
Answer:  FALSE



11) It is not legal for a corporation to hold life insurance policies on its employees.
Answer:  FALSE


12) Directors and officers insurance protects the company if key personnel die or leave the firm for other opportunities.
Answer:  FALSE


13) The decision to purchase insurance is justified if the cost of the contract is less than the expected loss.
Answer:  TRUE


14) How should corporations decide when to self insure against certain risks and when to purchase insurance from outside parties?

Answer:  Risks that are a normal part of doing business and not so large that they would lead to serious financial distress are good candidates for self-insurance. A large courier company, for example, may routinely experience damage to its vehicles or cause damage to other vehicles because of minor accidents. 

Such incidents are predictable cost of doing business, so the company should probably self-insure. On the other hand, an accident that involved the death or permanent disability of one of the company's drivers or of an outside party would be a low probability incident that could lead to very large financial losses, so the risk should be transferred to an insurance company.



15) (Business of Life) What guidelines should determine whether or not an individual should buy life insurance?

Answer:  The real question is "Who needs to be protected in case I should die?" For a single individual with no dependents or a retired couple where each has their own source of income, the answer is probably no one, so life insurance might not be a good choice. There are possible secondary factors such as the ability to purchase insurance in the future or estate planning that might enter into the decision. 

On the other hand, for parents of young children or couples where one of the spouses does not have adequate income or independent resources for retirement, life insurance would be a wise choice. All insurance decisions, individual or corporate, should weigh the cost of protection vs. the expected cost of a an unfavorable event.


20.3   Managing Risk by Hedging with Forward Contracts

1) The purpose of a hedging strategy is to
A) avoid speculation on future prices.
B) speculate that future prices will be lower than the spot price.
C) speculate that future prices will be higher than the spot price.
D) avoid exposure to commodity rate risk.


2) A maker of breakfast cereals has contracted to buy 100,000 bushels of wheat for $4.50 a bushel at the end of October. On the delivery date, the spot price of wheat is $4.70 per bushel. Which of the following is true?
A) The seller of the contract has $20,000 profit.
B) The buyer of the contract has a $20,000 loss.
C) The buyer of the contract has a $20,000 profit.
D) Both A and B are true



3) A large agribusiness firm has contracted to deliver 100,000 bushels of wheat for $4.50 a bushel at the end of October. On the delivery date, the spot price of wheat is $4.70 per bushel. Which of the following is true?
A) The seller of the contract has $20,000 loss.
B) The buyer of the contract has a $20,000 loss.
C) The buyer of the contract has a $20,000 profit.
D) Both A and C are true


4) The party that agrees to sell a commodity or currency in the forward market is said to have a
A) long position.
B) short position.
C) protected position.
D) split position.


5) Swenson Oil & Gas allows its customers to prepurchase heating oil in June for the coming winter. Swenson's customers who take advantage of the offer
A) are speculating that fuel prices will be higher in the future.
B) have purchased a form of call option for heating fuel.
C) are entering into a futures contract to offset the risk of higher fuel prices during the winter.
D) are purchasing a form of insurance against fuel shortages.



6) Swenson Oil & Gas allows its customers to prepurchase heating oil in June for the coming winter. If Swenson does not hedge its positions in the futures market
A) it could make unexpected profits if fuel prices decline.
B) it could suffer large losses if the winter wholesale cost of fuel rises above the June retail price.
C) it will make normal profits if winter prices do not change very much from the June spot price.
D) all of the above.


7) Swenson Oil & Gas allows its customers to prepurchase heating oil in June for the coming winter. Customers who took advantage of the offer prepurchased 400,000 gallons of oil at $3.50 per gallon. Swenson hedged its position by contracting to purchase 400,000 gallons of oil for November delivery at a price of $3.00 per gallon. If the November spot price is $3.25 per gallon, the payoff to Swenson is
A) $100,000.
B) ($100,000).
C) $200,000.
D) $0.00.


8) Swenson Oil & Gas allows its customers to prepurchase heating oil in June for the coming winter. Customers who took advantage of the offer prepurchased 400,000 gallons of oil at $3.50 per gallon. Swenson hedged its position by contracting to purchase 400,000 gallons of oil for November delivery at a price of $3.00 per gallon. If the November spot price is $2.75 per gallon, the payoff to Swenson is
A) $100,000.
B) ($100,000).
C) $200,000.
D) $0.00.



9) Swenson Oil & Gas allows its customers to prepurchase heating oil in June for the coming winter. Customers who took advantage of the offer prepurchased 400,000 gallons of oil at $3.50 per gallon. Swenson hedged its position by contracting to purchase 400,000 gallons of oil for November delivery at a price of $3.00 per gallon. If the November spot price is $3.85 per gallon, Swenson's gross profit on the heating oil sold in June will be
A) $100,000.
B) ($100,000).
C) $200,000.
D) $0.00.


10) Hudson Valley Distributors wants to be sure it has 10,000 cases of Beaujolais Nouveau to sell next November. In January, they enters into an agreement to buy the wine at a price of 34.62 euros per case. Payment will be due at the end of November. They expect to sell the wine to restaurants and retailers for $63 per case. If Hudson Valley does not hedge its position and the exchange rate in November is $1.30 /euro, what is the gross profit on the wine? (Round to the nearest dollar.)
A) $179,940
B) ($179,940)
C) $363,692
D) $283,800



11) Hudson Valley Distributors wants to be sure it has 10,000 cases of Beaujolais Nouveau to sell next November. In January, they enter into an agreement to buy the wine at a price of 34.62 euros to the case. Payment will be due at the end of November. They expect to sell the wine to restaurants and retailers for $63 per case. Hudson Valley has hedged its foreign exchange risk by entering into a forward contract to purchase euros in November at $1.30/euro. If the spot exchange rate at the end of November is $1.25/euro, the payoff to Hudson Valley for hedging is
A) $13,315.
B) $17,310.
C) ($17,310).
D) ($500).


12) Hudson Valley Distributors wants to be sure it has 10,000 cases of Beaujolais Nouveau to sell next November. In January, they enters into an agreement to buy the wine at a price of 34.62 euros to the case. Payment will be due at the end of November. They expect to sell the wine to restaurants and retailers for $63 per case. Hudson Valley has hedged its foreign exchange risk by entering into a forward contract to purchase euros in November at $1.30/euro. If the spot exchange rate at the end of November is $1.35/euro, Hudson Valley's gross profit will be
A) $283,800.
B) $138,415.
C) $162,630.
D) $179,940.


13) Banque de Lyon agrees to sell Golden Socks 1,000,000 euros at a price of $1.25 to the euro 6 months from today. If the spot price of the euro in six months is $1.35
A) the payoff to Banque de Lyon is $100,000.
B) the payoff to Banque de Lyon is ($100,000).
C) the payoff to Banque de Lyon is ($135,000).
D) the payoff to Golden Socks is ($100,000).


14) Forward contracts benefit only the customer due to a reduction in uncertainty.
Answer:  FALSE


15) A purchaser of commodities who is completely hedged with forward contracts has eliminated the risk that prices will rise before the purchase is concluded.
Answer:  TRUE


16) A purchaser of commodities who is completely hedged with forward contracts will profit if prices fall before the purchase is concluded.
Answer:  FALSE


17) A seller of commodities who has entered into forward contracts with customers will profit if prices fall before the purchase is concluded.
Answer:  TRUE


18) The objective of a prudent financial manager is to eliminate all foreign exchange risk.
Answer:  FALSE



19) Bowman-Daniela-Mainland is a major producer and exporter of agricultural commodities. It has sold soy beans for future delivery to a Japanese firm and expects to receive payments of 400 million yen in 6 months and another 400 million yen in 1 year. To lock in the exchange rates on these two payments, BDM arranges forward contracts with an investment banker to sell 400 million yen at $0.0110 in 6 months and $0.0115 in 1 year. What will BDM's cash flow be in dollars from each of these transactions? How has it fixed its revenue in dollars from the soy bean sales?

Answer:  BDM will receive $0.0110 × 400,000,000 = $4,400,000 in 6 months and $0.0115 × 400,000,000 = $4,600,000 in 1 year. By doing so it has protected itself against the possibility that a weaker yen would have bought fewer dollars, thereby reducing its profit. It has also given up potential gains from a stronger yen that would have purchased more dollars at the time of payment.


20) What motivates users of raw materials to hedge future prices by entering into futures contracts? What is the disadvantage of this practice?

Answer:  Users of raw materials who enter into futures contracts are fixing the price of raw materials that they will need in the future. By doing so, they know in advance what their costs will be and can set their own prices with confidence because they know their materials cost with certainty. 

The disadvantage to hedging is that the firm might profit from falling prices, but has given up that opportunity. A firm that hedges with forward contracts is essentially saying that it is not in the business of price speculation.


21) How is an airline that sells tickets that will be used several months in the future exposed to the risk of rising jet fuel prices? How can it manage that risk?

Answer:  When the airline sell tickets to be used at a later date, it has entered into a futures contract with its customers, guaranteeing the price of the flight. It has also fixed its own revenues. If fuel prices rise, its profits will be less and it could conceivably lose money on the flight. 

By entering into forward contracts for the purchase of fuel, it has fixed one of its major costs at the same time it has fixed its revenue, so it can project its profits with greater confidence.



20.4   Managing Risk with Exchange-Traded Financial Derivatives

1) Which of the following is NOT an advantage of futures contracts?
A) They are inexpensive compared to customized forward contracts.
B) They trade on exchanges rather than over the counter.
C) Features such as contract size and expiration date are standardized.
D) The size and commodity can always be perfectly tailored to form a perfect hedge.


2) A commodity such as diesel fuel for which there is no available futures contract might be satisfactorily hedged with
A) stock index futures.
B) interest rate futures.
C) heating oil futures.
D) electricity futures.


3) Uses of future contracts include
A) eliminating uncertainty about the future cost of key inputs.
B) eliminating uncertainty about the prices that will be received when a commodity is ready for market.
C) speculating on future price movements of commodities which the speculator neither uses nor produces.
D) all of the above.



4) You purchased one July futures contract of pork bellies at $.59 per lb. One contract represents 40,000 lbs. of pork bellies. Initial margin on the contract was 4% of the contract price with a maintenance margin of $500. By the end of the day, the price had fallen to $.57 per lb. How much will you be required to add to your margin account to replenish your maintenance margin?
A) None
B) $356
C) $144
D) $32


5) You purchased one July futures contract of pork bellies at $.59 per lb. One contract represents 40,000 lbs. of pork bellies. By the end of the day, the price had fallen to $.57 per lb. How much did the value of your contract change during the day?
A) It rose by $800.
B) It fell by $356.
C) It fell by $800.
D) There is no change in value until the contract expires.


6) You sold one July futures contract of pork bellies at $.59 per lb. One contract represents 40,000 lbs. of pork bellies. By the end of the day, the price had fallen to $.57 per lb. What was your profit or loss for the day?
A) $800 profit
B) $356 loss
C) $800 loss
D) There is no profit or loss until the contract expires.



7) A(n) ________ gives the holder the right to buy a stated number of shares at a specified price for a limited time.
A) stock index futures contract
B) put option
C) call option
D) interest rate futures contract


8) A(n) ________ gives the holder the right to sell a stated number of shares at a specified price for a limited time.
A) stock index futures contract
B) put option
C) call option
D) interest rate futures contract


9) An investor would buy a ________ if he or she believes that the price of the underlying stock or asset will fall in the near future.
A) call option
B) convertible bond
C) put option
D) futures contract to take delivery of an asset at a future date



10) The price at which the stock or asset may be purchased from (or sold to) the option writer is referred to as
A) intrinsic value of the option.
B) option premium.
C) open interest.
D) exercise or striking price.


11) A(n) ________ can be exercised only on the expiration date.
A) European option
B) at-the-money option
C) short option
D) American option


12) Mayspring Corporation common stock is currently selling for $72.00 per share. A call option on Mayspring Corporation that expires in two months has an exercise price of $72.50. This call option is said to be
A) out-of-the-money.
B) at-the-money.
C) in-the-money.
D) covered.



13) Ahmad bought call options on Home Depot with a striking price of $80. The option premium was $3.82. Just before the contract expired, Home Depot stock was $82 per share. Ahmad
A) made a profit of $2.00 per share.
B) lost $3.82 per share because the option would not be exercised.
C) made a profit of $3.82 per share.
D) lost $1.82 per share.


14) Ahmad bought put options on Verizon with a striking price of $50. The option premium was $2.64. Just before the contract expired, Verizon stock was at 51.39 per share. Ahmad
A) made a profit of $1.39 per share.
B) lost $2.64 per share because the option would not be exercised.
C) lost $1.39 per share.
D) lost $1.20 per share.


15) Barco Corp. common stock is currently selling for $36.50. A call option on Barco stock costs $.75 per share on a normal contract of 100 shares. This option has an exercise price of $39 and expires in one month. What is the minimum value of this option?
A) $2.50
B) $75
C) $0
D) $36.50



16) How can a currency futures contract be used as a hedge against a potentially dramatic appreciation of a foreign currency that a U.S. company is expecting to convert into U.S. dollars?
A) The U.S. company should sell the foreign currency using futures contracts.
B) The U.S. company should buy more foreign currency futures contracts than it should sell.
C) The U.S. company should buy the foreign currency using futures contracts.
D) This is a standard business situation that would be favorable if it were to happen, so no hedge is needed.


17) A call option on a stock is a financial instrument defined by which of the following statements?
A) It obligates the investor holding it to sell the stock at the specified price at the stated date in the future.
B) It obligates the investor holding it to buy the stock at the specified price at the stated date in the future.
C) It gives the investor holding it the right, but not the obligation, to buy the stock at the specified price at the stated date in the future.
D) It gives the investor holding it the right, but not the obligation, to sell the stock at the specified price at the stated date in the future.


18) Futures contracts
A) can be used by financial managers to reduce risk.
B) provide their holder with an opportunity to buy or sell an asset at some future time if the asset's value has changed in a manner favorable to the futures contract holder.
C) sustain a small change in value when there is a small change in the price of the underlying commodity.
D) have all of the characteristics stated above.



19) How can a gold futures contract be used as a hedge against a potentially dramatic decrease in the price of the gold needed as an input into the production of computer microprocessors?
A) The computer company should sell gold futures contracts.
B) The computer company should sell more gold futures contracts than it should buy.
C) This is a standard business situation, which would be favorable if it were to happen, so no hedge is needed.
D) The computer company should lower its finished product prices now in anticipation of the decrease in the price of gold inputs.


20) Financial futures include
A) Treasury bond futures, which are the most popular of all futures contracts in terms of contracts issued.
B) interest rate futures, which have been around the longest.
C) stock index futures, which allow for either a cash settlement or a stock settlement.
D) all of the above.


21) Unlike the owner of a(n) ________ contract, the owner of a(n) ________ contract does not have to exercise it.
A) put, call
B) option, futures
C) futures, option
D) long, short



22) Erin wrote a put option on Verizon stock with a striking price of $53 price per share.  At the expiration date, Verizon was selling for $50 per share. Which statement best describes the course of action that Erin should or must take?
A) Erin will do nothing because the market price is lower than the striking price.
B) Erin is obliged to buy the Verizon shares at $53, even though the market price is $3.00 lower.
C) Erin must sell the Verizon stock for $53 per share.
D) Erin has the right to sell Verizon stock at $3.00 per share over the market price.


23) The minimum value of a call option equals
A) exercise price - the stock price.
B) stock price - exercise price.
C) call premium - (stock price - exercise price).
D) put premium - (exercise price - stock price).


24) The owner of a large, diversified stock portfolio could hedge against a steep decline in prices by
A) buying call options on a stock index.
B) buying put options on a stock index.
C) selling put options on a stock index.
D) buying both call and put options with the same expiration date.



25) A futures contract is a specialized form of a forward contract distinguished by a(n)
A) organized exchange.
B) standardized contract with unlimited price changes and margin requirements.
C) clearinghouse in each futures market.
D) both A and C.


26) The term futures margin refers to
A) the percent of potential margin for profit associated with a futures contract.
B) the "good faith" money the purchaser puts down to ensure that the contract will be carried out.
C) the interest-earning account associated with a futures contract.
D) the number of contracts outstanding on a particular futures contract.


27) The striking price is the
A) price paid for the option.
B) price at which the stock or asset may be purchased from the writer.
C) minimum value of the option.
D) premium minus the exercise price.



28) The term open interest refers to the
A) total amount of interest paid on an options margin account.
B) number of option contracts in existence at a point in time.
C) interest accumulated on a Treasury bond contract.
D) striking price of an interest rate swap.


29) The popularity of options can be explained by the use of options
A) in writing future contracts.
B) as a type of financial insurance.
C) to expand the set of possible investment alternatives available.
D) both B and C.


30) A(n)________ is a financial instrument that can be used to eliminate the effect of both favorable and unfavorable price movements.
A) convertible securities
B) call option
C) put option
D) futures contracts



31) A ________ is a contract that requires the holder to buy or sell a stated commodity at a specified price at a specified time in the future.
A) warrant
B) option
C) future
D) convertible contract


32) If you expect a stock's price to rise, it would be better to purchase a call on that stock than to purchase a put on it.
Answer:  TRUE


33) The difference between a stock's current price and the striking price of the option is the minimum value of the option.
Answer:  TRUE


34) Options can only be purchased for individual stocks, not for funds or indexes.
Answer:  FALSE



35) If you expect a stock's price to drop, it would be better to sell a call on that stock than to sell a put on it.
Answer:  TRUE


36) A futures contract provides the holder with the option to buy or sell a stated contract involving a commodity or financial claim at a specified price over a stated time period.
Answer:  FALSE


37) European and American are different types of stock options and have nothing to do with where the options are bought and sold.
Answer:  TRUE


38) Options contracts all expire on the last trading day of the month.
Answer:  FALSE


39) There is only one day per month on which a listed option on any stock can expire.
Answer:  TRUE


40) There is no actual buying or selling that occurs with a futures contract.
Answer:  FALSE


41) A call option gives its owner the right to sell a given number of shares or some other asset at a specified price over a given period.
Answer:  FALSE


42) The seller of an option keeps the option premium regardless of whether or not the option is ever exercised.
Answer:  TRUE


43) An options contract gives its owner the right to buy or sell a fixed number of shares at a specified price over a limited time period.
Answer:  TRUE



44) A futures contract is a specialized form of a forward contract distinguished by an organized exchange which encourages confidence in the futures market by allowing for the effective regulation of trading.
Answer:  TRUE


45) The margin on a futures contract refers to the amount of equity the investor initially paid to purchase the futures contract.
Answer:  FALSE


46) An American option can be exercised only on the expiration date.
Answer:  FALSE


47) Open interest provides the investor with some indication of the amount of liquidity associated with a particular option.
Answer:  TRUE


48) If a call option's exercise price is above the stock price, then the option's intrinsic value is zero.
Answer:  TRUE


49) The most you can ever lose when you purchase a put or call option is the premium.
Answer:  TRUE


50) What are the differences between forward contracts and futures contracts? What are some advantages and disadvantages of each.

Answer:  Forward contracts can be arranged between private parties for any maturity, quantity, commodity or financial instrument. Futures contracts have standardized quantities, quality, and expiration dates. Forward contracts are very flexible and can be tailored to the specific needs of the client. Because they are not standardized, it is difficult to know their actual value, so they may be more expensive to use than futures. 

Futures are openly traded on exchanges so their prices are set in efficient, transparent markets. The procedures to protect both sides of the contract against defaults are well established and monitored by the exchanges. The standardized features of future contracts also protect buyers from deception or misunderstandings.


51) What are the rights and obligations of the buyer and the seller of a call option on common stock?

Answer:  The buyer of a call option has the right, but not the obligation to purchase the stock at a specified price within a specified period of time. The owner of the option will only exercise it (buy the stock) if the striking price is below the market price. 

The seller of the option has the obligation to sell the stock to the options owner at the striking price, even if that price is below the market price.



52) Jorge has purchased call options on 1000 shares of Amazon stock with a striking price of $270 per share. The option premium was $4.00 per share.
a. Compute Jorge's profit or loss if the market value of Amazon's stock is $280 at expiration.
b. Compute Jorge's profit or loss if the market value of Amazon's stock is $260 at expiration.
c. Compute Jorge's profit or loss if the market value of Amazon's stock is $272 at expiration.

Answer: 
a. Profit on the stock = $10 × 1000 = $10,000. Subtracting the premium, $10,000 - $4(1000) = $6,000 profit.
b. The option will not be exercised. Jorge loses the $4,000 option premium.
c. Profit on the stock = $2 × 1000 = $2,000. Subtracting the premium, $2,000 - $4(1000) = ($2,000) loss.


53) Annika has purchased put options on 1000 shares of Amazon stock with a striking price of $270 per share. The option premium was $6.00 per share.
a. Compute Annika's profit or loss if the market value of Amazon's stock is $280 at expiration.
b. Compute Annika's profit or loss if the market value of Amazon's stock is $260 at expiration.
c. Compute Annika's profit or loss if the market value of Amazon's stock is $272 at expiration.

Answer: 
a. The option will not be exercised because it would be better to sell the stock in the market. Annika loses the option premium of $6,000 although the stock is worth $10 more than the put's striking price, so she may have profits on the stock if she owns it.
b. Annika will buy the stock for $260 if she does not already own it, and sell it to seller of the put for $270 at a profit of $10,000. Subtracting the option premium of $6,000 her net profit is $4,000.
c. The option will not be exercised because it would be better to sell the stock at the market price. Annika loses the option premium of $6,000 although she may have a profit on the stock if she owns it.



20.5   Valuing Options and Swaps

1) Which of the following variables is NOT part of the Black-Scholes option pricing model?
A) The expected rate of return on the market
B) The current stock price
C) The strike price or exercise price
D) The time remaining before the expiration date


2) As the volatility of a stock's price increases, the value of call options ________ and the value of put options ________.
A) decreases, increases
B) increases, increases
C) decreases, decreases
D) increases, decreases


3) As the risk free rate of return increases, the value of call options ________ and the value of put options ________.
A) decreases, increases
B) increases, increases
C) decreases, decreases
D) increases, decreases



4) The greater a firm's dividend payout, the ________ likely it is that the stock's price will rise above the exercise price.
A) less
B) more
C) dividends have no effect on the stock's future price
D) The answer depends on the risk-free rate.


5) Assume that the current price of DEY stock is $25, that a 6 month call option on the stock has a strike or exercise price of $27.50, the risk free rate is 4%, and that you have calculated N(d1) as .5476 and N(d2) as .4432. Use the Black-Scholes model to calculate the price of the option.
A) $1.74
B) $4.20
C) $1.98
D) $2.50


6) Assume that the current price of DEY stock is $27.50, that a 6 month call option on the stock has a strike or exercise price of $25.50, the risk free rate is 4%, and that you have calculated N(d1) as .5476 and N(d2) as .4432. Use the Black-Scholes model to calculate the price of the option.
A) $1.74
B) $4.20
C) $1.98
D) ($2.50)



7) Assume that the current price of DEY stock is $25, that a 1 year call option on the stock has a strike or exercise price of $27.50, the risk free rate is 4%, and that you have calculated N(d1) as .5476 and N(d2) as .4432. Use the Black-Scholes model to calculate the price of the option.
A) $1.74
B) $4.20
C) $1.98
D) $2.50


Use the following information to answer the following question(s).

Valuing a call option using the Black-Scholes model:

Current price of ABZ stock = $50
Exercise or strike price of the call option = $48
The maturity of the option is 0.5 years
The annualized variance in the returns on the stock is .20
The risk free rate of interest is 3% per annum

8) What is the value of d1 that should be used when calculating the value of a call option on this stock with the Black-Scholes option pricing model.
A) .33464
B) .07483
C) .40822
D) .01842



9) What is the value of d2 that should be used when calculating the value of a call option on this stock with the Black-Scholes option pricing model.
A) .33464
B) .07483
C) .40822
D) .01842


10) Assume that N(d1) = .63105 and N(d2) = .50735. Compute the value of the call option using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.
A) $23.99
B) $7.56
C) $7.20
D) $2.00


11) When a party enters into a swap contract it agrees to
A) accept one set of payments in exchange for another.
B) exchange principals on loans with different interest rates.
C) exchange a loan for a different loan with a different time to maturity.
D) swap a debt obligation for an equity obligation.



12) A firm agrees to accept payments on a $1,000,000 loan with a fixed interest rate of 8% in exchange for making the payments on a loan with floating rate payments based on LIBOR. Payments are interest only with principal due in 10 years. The firm will benefit
A) if LIBOR falls.
B) if LIBOR rises.
C) if Libor remains unchanged.
D) if LIBOR fluctuates randomly.


13) The seller of credit default swaps
A) agrees to exchange payments with another security if interest rates change.
B) receives payments if the underlying security defaults.
C) is obliged to make payments if the underlying security defaults.
D) can only sell them to owners of the underlying security.


14) Which of the following is a vehicle for controlling exchange rate risk?
A) The purchase of a cross-rate index
B) The purchase of a LEAP
C) The purchase of a spot-rate index
D) A currency swap


15) Futures and currency swaps eliminate unfavorable price movements, whereas options can be used to eliminate the effect of both favorable and unfavorable price movements.
Answer:  FALSE


16) As the volatility of a stock's price increases, the value of call and put options on the stock decreases.
Answer:  FALSE


17) As the length of time left until expiration increases, the value of call and put options on the stock also increases.
Answer:  TRUE


18) Currency swaps allow the financial manager to hedge exchange rate risk over shorter periods than options and futures contracts.
Answer:  FALSE


19) A swap is generally structured so that no money initially changes hands.
Answer:  TRUE


20) A credit default swap functions like an insurance policy against the possibility of default on a bond or other security collateralized by debt.
Answer:  TRUE



21) Assume that the current price of FGX stock is $35, that a 6 month call option on the stock has a strike or exercise price of $33.00, the risk free rate is 4%, and that you have calculated N(d1) as .65 and N(d2) as .55. Use the Black-Scholes model to calculate the price of the option.

Answer:  $35(.65) - 33(.9900) × .55 = $4.96


22) Assume that the current price of FGX stock is $33, that a 6 month call option on the stock has a strike or exercise price of $35.00, the risk free rate is 4%, and that you have calculated N(d1) as .65 and N(d2) as .55. Use the Black-Scholes model to calculate the price of the option.

Answer:  $33(.65) - 35(.9900) × .55 = $2.58


23) What are the major variables in the Black-Scholes option pricing model and in what direction do they influence the price of call options?

Answer:  All things equal, the value of a call increases with the price of the underlying stock. The value of the call increases as the strike or exercise price decreases. The value of the call increases as the time left to expiration increases. 

The expected volatility of the price and the risk-free rate of return increase the price of the option as they increase. As the stock's dividend yield increases, the price of the option decreases.

Monday, January 19, 2015

Financial Management (Chapter 19: International Business Finance)

19.1   Foreign Exchange Markets and Currency Exchange Rates

1) Trading in foreign exchange markets is dominated by
A) Russian rubles, Indian rupees and Indonesian rupeas.
B) Spanish pesetas, German marks, French francs.
C) Chinese renminbis, Saudi ryals, pesos of various Latin American countries.
D) U. S. dollars, the British pound, the euro and the yen.


2) Participants in foreign exchange trading include
A) importers and exporters.
B) investors and portfolio managers.
C) currency traders.
D) all of the above.


3) Suppose International Trading Enterprises purchased 25,000 kilograms of Belgian chocolate for a price of 100,000 euros. If the current exchange rate is .77000 euros to the U.S. dollar, what is the purchase price of the chocolate in dollars?
A) $19,250
B) $770,000
C) $77,000
D) $129,870


4) A spot transaction occurs when one currency is
A) deposited in a foreign bank.
B) immediately exchanged for another currency.
C) exchanged for another currency at a specified price.
D) traded for another at an agreed-upon future price.


5) Forward rates are quoted
A) in direct form.
B) in indirect form.
C) at a premium or discount.
D) all of the above.


6) If the quote for a forward exchange contract is greater than the computed price, the forward contract is
A) overvalued.
B) undervalued.
C) a good buy.
D) at equilibrium.



7) Buying and selling in more than one market to make a riskless profit is called
A) profit maximization.
B) arbitrage.
C) international trading.
D) cannot be determined from the above information.


8) After the U.S. dollar, the most widely traded currency is
A) the Saudi riyal.
B) the euro.
C) the Swiss franc.
D) the Canadian dollar.


9) Which of the following statements about exchange rates is true?
A) Exchange rates are fixed by international agreements.
B) Exchange fluctuate between currencies but are fixed in terms of gold.
C) Exchange rates fluctuate constantly.
D) Are regulated by a special committee of the United Nations.



10) What keeps foreign exchange quotes in two different countries in line with each other?
A) Cross rates
B) Forward rates
C) Arbitrage
D) Spot rates


11) An attempt to profit by converting dollars to yen, yen to euros, and euros back to dollars would be an example of
A) arbitrage.
B) speculation.
C) hedging.
D) intervention.


12) An investor purchased 20,000,000 Japanese yen at an exchange rate of 101.31 yen to the dollar. The yen cost her ________.  Round answer to the nearest dollar.
A) $202,620
B) $19,741
C) $197,414
D) $20,262,000



13) An investor purchased 1,000,000 Canadian dollars at an exchange rate of 1.0309 Canadian dollars to the U.S. dollar. The Canadian dollars cost her
A) $103,090.
B) $970,026.
C) $1,030,927.
D) $97,000.


14) An investor purchased Canadian dollars at an exchange rate of $0.97 U.S. to 1 Canadian dollar. The Canadian dollars cost her $1,000,000 (U.S. dollars). How many Canadian dollars did she buy?
A) $103,090
B) $970,026
C) $1,030,927
D) $97,000


15) Assume that an investor purchased 200,000,000 Japanese yen in New York at an exchange rate of 101 yen to the dollar and simultaneously sold the yen in Tokyo at an exchange rate of 99 Japanese yen to the dollar. Further assume that there was no cost associated with this transaction. What profit or loss did the investor make? Round your answer to the nearest dollar.
A) ($400,040) loss
B) $40,004
C) ($40,004) loss
D) $400,040 profit



16) Transactions carried out in the foreign exchange markets include
A) spot transactions.
B) forward exchange contracts which allow the exchange of one currency for another today.
C) swaps.
D) both A and B.


17) Assume that an investor owned 5,000 shares of Anheuser-Busch Corporation common stock prior to the acquisition by InBev of Belgium. At the time of the acquisition, the dollar was worth .77 euros. Further assume that the purchase price was equal to 54 euros per share. What was the sales price of Anheuser Busch common stock per share in U.S. dollars?
A) $41.58
B) $54
C) $77
D) $70.13
Answer:  D


18) One U.S. dollar buys 101.31 yen and 12.536 Mexican pesos. What is price of pesos in yen?
A) 8.0815
B) .12374
C) .08082
D) 12.3740



19) Assume that an importer of wine were to purchase 5,000 cases of premium French Bordeaux for 700,000 euros. Further assume that the quoted exchange rates are as follows: spot rate = .770 euros to the U.S. dollar; 30-day forward rate = .775 euros to the U.S. dollar; and 90-day forward rate = .778 euros to the U.S. dollar. If the actual currency exchange rate at the time payment is due in 90 days is equal to the forward rate of .778 euros to the U.S. dollar, how much would the wine cost the importer in U.S. dollars if payment is made in 90 days? Round to the nearest dollar.
A) $89,743
B) $909,091
C) $544,600
D) $899,743


20) You are leaving Mexico and have 3,200 pesos to change into dollars. The exchange rate is 12.5 pesos to the dollar. How many dollars will you receive?
A) $256
B) $400
C) $2,560
D) $40


21) You are on your way to a beautiful Mexican resort. The current exchange rate is 12 pesos to the dollar. When you arrive, you convert 1,000 US$ for how many pesos?
A) 12,000 pesos
B) 1,200 pesos
C) 8,333 pesos
D) 83.33 pesos



22) Assume that a buyer of Italian wine saw the following quotes: spot rate of .75 euros to the U.S. dollar; 30-day forward rate of .747 euros to the U.S. dollar; 90-day forward rate of .744 euros to the U.S. dollar. What does this information imply?
A) The forward euro is selling at a premium as compared with the spot euro.
B) The dollar is expected to maintain the same value in the near future relative to the euro.
C) The forward euro is selling at a discount as compared with the spot euro.
D) None of the above.


Use the following information to answer the following question(s).

Below is an excerpt from Table 19.1, Foreign Exchange Rates (December 26, 2012) that appears in your text. (Sources The Wall Street Journal, Reuters)

     Country/Currency                            In US$                                  Per US$
                                                                                                                            
        India (Rupee)                                 .01818                                 55.0155
        Britain (Pound)                             1.6133                                      .6198
        1-mos forward                               1.6133                                      .6198
        3-mos forward                               1.6130                                      .6200
        6-mos forward                               1.6128                                      .6200
        Canada (Dollar)                            1.0074                                      .9927
        Switzerland franc                         1.0917                                      .9160
        1-mos forward                               1.0928                                      .9151
        3-mos forward                               1.0939                                      .9141
        6-mos forward                               1.0961                                      .9123

23) To buy one Indian Rupee you would need
A) 1.818 cents.
B) 55.0155 cents.
C) 18.18 cents.
D) .01818 cents.



24) The number of pounds you can purchase per U.S. dollar is
A) 1.6133.
B) 6.198.
C) 0.6198.
D) 16.133.


25) Assume that your firm must pay 10,000,000 rupees to an Indian firm. How much will you have to pay in U.S. dollars?
A) $1,817,670
B) $181,767
C) $550,155
D) $5,502


26) Assume that your firm must pay $4,000 to a Swiss firm. In Swiss francs, the Swiss firm will receive
A) 3,908.80 Swiss francs.
B) 3,913 Swiss francs.
C) 39,088 Swiss francs.
D) 4,093.20 Swiss francs.



27) The Swiss franc to British pound exchange rate is
A) 1.4719 Swiss francs to the pound.
B) 14.7185 Swiss francs to the pound.
C) .6198 Swiss francs to the pound.
D) 1.0917 Swiss francs to the pound.


28) The British pound to Swiss franc exchange rate is
A) 1.4719 British pounds to the Swiss franc.
B) 14.719 British pounds to the Swiss franc.
C) .6794 British pounds to the Swiss franc.
D) 1.0917 British pounds to the Swiss franc.


29) The direct 3 month forward rate for UK pounds is
A) .16130
B) 6.2000
C) 1.6130
D) .6200



30) Based on the forward rates in table 19.1, the British pound is expected to
A) stay the same against the dollar.
B) weaken against the dollar.
C) fluctuate randomly against the dollar.
D) strengthen against the dollar.


31) The following are the prices in the foreign exchange market between the U.S. dollar and a foreign currency (fc). Spot 0.6335US$/fc; three-month forward 0.6375US$/fc. What was the discount or premium on three-month forward for the foreign currency?
A) 0.63% premium
B) 0.40% premium
C) 0.63% discount
D) 0.40% discount


32) Assume that a firm purchases foreign currency in order to complete the purchase of raw material from an overseas supplier. The currency is purchased today at an exchange rate that is good only for today. This transaction is referred to as a(n) ________ transaction.
A) forward
B) arbitrage
C) spot
D) hedge



33) Forward exchange rates
A) reduce uncertainty about future value of currencies.
B) are always slightly lower than the spot rate.
C) reflect expectations about the future value of currencies.
D) both A and C.


34) A trader who simultaneously bought Swiss francs in New York for .9772 and sold them in Zurich for .9774 would be practicing
A) simple arbitrage.
B) inside trading.
C) compound arbitrage.
D) parity exploitation.


35) A dealer in New York offers to buy U.K. pounds for $1.60 and sell them for $1.605. The different prices are due to
A) arbitrage.
B) a tax on currency transactions.
C) the bid-ask spread.
D) supply and demand.



36) The exchange rate that represents the number of units of a home currency that is required to purchase one unit of a foreign currency is referred to as a(n) ________ quote.
A) forward
B) direct
C) market
D) indirect


37) The exchange rate that represents the number of units of a foreign currency that can be purchased with one unit of a home currency is referred to as a(n) ________ quote.
A) forward
B) direct
C) market
D) indirect


38) A foreign exchange dealer in New York posts an ask price of .01818 for Indian rupees and a bid price of .01820. What is the dealer's profit on the simultaneous purchase and sale of 1 million rupees?
A) $20 profit
B) ($20 )loss
C) $200 profit
D) ($2) loss



39) The international currency system that presently exists is best described as a ________ rate currency system.
A) parity
B) fixed
C) multinational
D) floating


40) A cross rate is the computation of an exchange rate for a currency from the exchange rates of two other countries.
Answer:  TRUE


41) The asked rate is the price a customer will receive from a foreign currency trader when selling a foreign currency.
Answer:  FALSE


42) The foreign exchange market is similar in form to the New York Stock Exchange.
Answer:  FALSE



43) Arbitrage eliminates forward discounts and premiums across the markets of a single currency.
Answer:  FALSE


44) Arbitrage is the process of buying and selling in one market in order to make a riskless profit.
Answer:  TRUE


45) The efficiency of foreign currency markets is ensured, in large measure, by the process of arbitrageurs.
Answer:  TRUE


46) A direct quote in Bombay tells one how many British pounds can buy one Indian rupee.
Answer:  FALSE


47) The bid rate (also called the offer rate) is the number of units of home currency paid to a customer in exchange for their foreign currency.
Answer:  FALSE


48) The foreign exchange market provides a physical entity that transfers the purchasing power from one currency to another.
Answer:  FALSE


49) Foreign exchange transactions carried out in the spot market entails an agreement today to deliver a specific number of units of currency on a future date in return for a specified number of units of another currency.
Answer:  FALSE


50) Transactions carried out in the foreign exchange markets can include direct or indirect exchange rate quotes.
Answer:  TRUE


51) Spot transactions are made immediately in the market place at the market price.
Answer:  TRUE



52) Spot exchange markets are efficient due to arbitrage forces.
Answer:  TRUE


53) When banks transact in foreign currencies, the direct bid quote is greater than the direct asked quote.
Answer:  FALSE


54) The forward rate is the same as the spot rate that will prevail in the future.
Answer:  FALSE


55) The major advantage of the forward market is risk reduction.
Answer:  TRUE


56) Spot exchange markets have the potential for arbitrage opportunities for a long period of time.
Answer:  FALSE



57) The difference between the asked price and the bid price is known as the spread.
Answer:  TRUE


58) A narrow spread indicates efficiency in the spot exchange market.
Answer:  TRUE


59) Forward contracts are usually quoted for periods greater than one year.
Answer:  FALSE


60) Forward rates, like spot rates, are quoted in both direct and indirect form.
Answer:  TRUE


61) Forward contracts benefit only the customer due to a reduction in uncertainty.
Answer:  FALSE




62) What is the role of arbitrage in the foreign exchange markets?

Answer:  Foreign exchange quotes should be consistent with each other so that the exchange rates in all markets will be the same. If a currency could be purchased for one price in, for example, Paris and sold at a higher price in another market, say New York, then arbitrageurs would buy aggressively in Paris, increasing demand, and sell in New York, increasing supply. The increased buying activity in one market and selling activity in the other would soon eliminate the price differential.


63) A dealer in London posts an ask rate of .6238 and a bid rate of .6237. How much, in U.K. pounds, would it cost to purchase $100,000. For how much in pounds could you sell $100,000?

Answer:  $100,000 could be purchased for 62,380 British pounds and sold for 62,370 British pounds.


64) What is the difference between forward rates and spot rates? What is the purpose of forward contracts?

Answer:  The spot rate for a currency is the price that is paid for immediate delivery "on the spot." Forward rates are the prices paid for currency that is to be delivered at some point in the future, such as 30, 60 or 90 days. Forward transactions are useful for importers and exporters because they allow buyers and sellers to fix the value of payments in advance, in their own currencies.


65) What is the difference between and "ask" quote and a "bid" quote.

Answer:  Currency traders make a small (in percentage terms) profit by purchasing at a slightly lower price, the "bid" rate and selling at a slightly higher price, the "ask" rate.



66) As December 26, 2012, the spot rate for Swiss francs was 1.0917.  The 3 month forward rate was 1.0939.
Compute the annualized percentage rate premium or discount for Swiss francs.

Answer:  (1.0939 - 1.0917)/1.0917 × 365/180 = .002283. The annualized premium is .4086%.


67) One U.S. dollar buys 12.9923 Mexican pesos and .7585 euros. What is the peso/euro exchange rate.

Answer:  12.9923/.7585 = 17.1289 pesos per euro.


19.2   Interest Rate and Purchasing-Power Parity

1) A theory that relates the ratios of spot and forward exchange to differences in interest rates in two countries or currency zones is known as
A) interest rate parity.
B) purchasing power parity.
C) market efficiency.
D) forward/spot equivalence hypothesis.


2) The interplay between interest rate differentials and exchange rates such that both adjust until the foreign exchange market and the money market reach equilibrium is called the
A) purchasing power parity theory.
B) balance of payments quantum theory.
C) interest rate parity theory.
D) arbitrage markets theory.


3) Which of the following statements is true?
A) The forward rate is the same as the spot rate that will prevail in the future.
B) Only the forward rate is known.
C) An indirect quote is the exchange rate that indicates the number of units of the home currency required to buy one unit of foreign currency.
D) Both B and C.


4) The purchasing power parity theory is least likely to apply to the price of
A) oral surgery.
B) smart phones.
C) crude oil.
D) cane sugar.


5) The 1 year interest rate in the U.S. is 1%. The spot exchange rate for yen is 84.81 to the dollar. The 6 months forward rate is 84.78 to the dollar. These prices indicate that interest rates in Japan, on an annualized basis, are about
A) .07% lower.
B) .07% higher.
C) .035% higher.
D) .7% lower.



6) The 1 year interest rate in the U.S. is 1%. The spot exchange rate for Canadian dollars 1.007 to the U.S.dollar. The 6 months forward rate is 1.0068 to the U.S. dollar. These prices indicate that interest rates in Canada, on an annualized basis, are about
A) .08% lower.
B) .08% higher.
C) .04% higher.
D) .8% lower.


7) The spot exchange rate for Canadian dollars is .1.007 to the U.S.dollar. The 6 months forward rate is 1.0068 to the U.S. dollar. The interest rate in Canada (annual) is 1.02%. What is the U. S. interest rate?
A) 1.00%
B) 1.04%
C) 1.08%
D) .9800%


8) A barrel of oil currently costs $85 in U.S. dollars. The current exchange rate is $1.32 U. S. to the euro. If purchasing power parity prevails what is the price of a barrel of oil in euros?
A) 71.43 euros
B) 145.29 euros
C) 112.20 euros
D) 64.39 euros



9) 10,000 bushels of corn currently sells in the U. S. for $57,300. The current exchange rate is 55.02 rupees to the dollar. If purchasing power parity prevails, what is the price of 10,000 bushels of corn in rupees?
A) 2,152,646 rupees
B) 10,414.44 rupees
C) 55,020 rupees
D) 215,265 rupees


10) The current spot exchange rate between the Japanese yen and the U.S. dollar is 84.61 Y/US$. The yen is expected to appreciate by 4% against the dollar over the next year. What do you expect the spot exchange rate between the yen and the dollar to be one year from now?
A) 91.51 Y/US$
B) 87.99 Y/US$
C) 81.36 Y/US$
D) 103.08 Y/US$


11) According to the domestic Fisher effect, if the inflation rate is 3% and the real rate of interest is 2%, the nominal rate of interest will be
A) 5.06%.
B) 5.00%.
C) 6%.
D) 8.15%.



12) According to the domestic Fisher effect, if the inflation rate is 5%, and the nominal rate of interest is 7%, the real rate of interest is
A) 2.00%.
B) 1.904%.
C) 4.65%.
D) 0.5252%.


13) According to the international Fisher effect, if the nominal interest rate in Russia is 9.5% and the inflation rate is 8%, the real rate of interest is approximately
A) 18.26%.
B) 6.5%.
C) 1.5%.
D) -1.5%.


14) The nominal rate of interest in Russia is 9.5% and the inflation rate is 8%. The nominal rate of interest in Spain is 3% and the inflation rate is 1%. Which country has the higher real rate of interest?
A) Russia
B) Spain
C) There is no difference.
D) There is not enough information.



15) The nominal rate of interest in Russia is 9.5% and the inflation rate is 8%. The nominal rate of interest in Canada is 2.5% and the inflation rate is zero. We would expect
A) the ruble to strengthen against the dollar.
B) the exchange rate between the Canadian dollar and the ruble to stay the same because of interest rate parity.
C) the exchange rate between the Canadian dollar and the ruble to stay the same because of purchasing price parity.
D) the Canadian dollar to strengthen against the ruble.


16) Which of the following statements is true?
A) Interest rate parity indicates that the forward premium or discount should be greater than the differences in the national interest rates for securities of the same maturity.
B) Purchasing power parity indicates that, in the long run, exchange rates adjust to reflect international differences in inflation so that the purchasing power of each currency tends to remain the same.
C) The International Fisher Effect indicates that the nominal interest rate should be the same all over the world at all times if the market is efficient.
D) Both B and C.


17) Which of the following is a conceptual method for keeping the foreign currency market in equilibrium?
A) The purchasing power parity mechanisms
B) The balance of trade mechanisms
C) Government intervention through central banks
D) The interest rate parity mechanisms



18) Assume that in 1990 a Toyota Corolla sold for 1,476,000 yen in Japan and $8,200 in the U.S.  The car still sells for the same amount of yen today, but the current exchange rate is 85 yen per dollar, what is the car selling for today in U.S. dollars?
A) $14,760
B) $17,365
C) $18,204
D) $9,647


19) If a currency's forward price in U. S. dollars is higher than the spot price, interest rates are higher in the foreign country than they are in the U.S.
Answer:  FALSE


20) If a currency's forward price in U. S. dollars is lower than the spot price, interest rates are higher in the foreign country than they are in the U.S.
Answer:  TRUE


21) Purchasing price parity is more likely to be the case for common commodities than for personal services.
Answer:  TRUE



22) If a country has high interest rates because of inflation, the forward price of its currency will be higher than the spot price.
Answer:  FALSE


23) Prices differences of identical items in different currencies can best be explained by the international Fisher effect.
Answer:  FALSE


24) The forward price of currencies can be either higher, lower or even the same as the spot price.
Answer:  TRUE


25) The price of a Big Mac is more or less the same everywhere in the world.
Answer:  FALSE


26)  What is meant by interest rate parity?

Answer:  Interest rate parity is the theory that explains the differences between spot rates and forward rates by relating them to differing interest rates in the two countries. Interest rate parity can be expressed by the following identity: Difference in interest rates=ratio of the forward and the spot rates.



27) Assume that the interest rate in India is 10% while in Europe it is 3% and that the exchange rate is 65.50 rupees to the euro. What would we expect the 6 month exchange rate to be?

Answer:  The higher interest rate in India implies that the rupee will weaken against the euro. Specifically, (1 + .03/2)/(1 + .10/2)=Forward Exchange Rate/65.50 so the 6 month forward exchange rate should be 67.76 rupees to the euro.


28) What is the law of one price? How does it apply to foreign exchange rates?

Answer:  The law of one price states that under certain conditions, the same item should sell for the equivalent price in different currencies. It should not be possible to make a profit by buying a barrel of oil in dollars and simultaneously selling it in euros or yen, or the reverse.


29) Jean-Marc lives in Besançon, a French city near the Swiss border. The exchange rate is 1.20 Swiss francs to the euro. If Jean-Marc's shopping cart of groceries typically costs him 80 euros, what should it cost him if he drives across the border to Switzerland? Do you think that purchase price parity would apply in this situation?

Answer:  If purchase price parity applies, Jean-Marc's groceries should cost him approximately 80 × 1.20 =96 Swiss francs. Although some items might be priced differently because of taxes or brand preferences, it is unlikely that a grocery cart of diverse items would be priced very differently when it is easily possible for customers to drive from one location to the other. 

If groceries were significantly less expensive on one or the other side of the border, local merchants in the more expensive country would be unable to compete or survive.



19.3   Capital Budgeting for Direct Foreign Investment

1) Which of the following international business activities constitutes a foreign direct investment? All firms mentioned are U.S. based.
A) Yanqui Spirits imports a 1000 cases of rum from the Dominican Republic.
B) WMT Inc. opens a big-box retail facility in Nicaragua.
C) Condor University runs training sessions for Indonesian civil servants on its California Campus.
D) Merkizer Pharmaceuticals licenses an Indian company to manufacture a drug under its patents.


2) One reason for international investment is that
A) the economies of many countries are growing faster than that of the U.S.
B) price-earnings (P/E) ratios are higher in foreign countries.
C) doing business in foreign countries is simpler than in the U.S.
D) raw materials are typically cheaper in other countries than in the U.S.


3) In 2012, the U.S. comprised approximately ________ of the world's stock market capitalization.
A) 20%
B) 53%
C) 75%
D) 90%



4) The spot exchange rate for the Thai bhat is 33.135 bhat to the dollar. The 1 year forward rate is 34.175. Ramo Corp. has undertaken a capital project in Bangkok that is expected to produce a cash flow of 17,087,500 bhat at the end of the first year. The company will discount cash flows at a rate of 14%. What is the present value of the first year cash flow in U.S. dollars.
A) $14,989,035
B) $500,000
C) $438,596
D) $452,363


5) The spot exchange rate for the Thai bhat is 30.000 bhat to the dollar or .00333 dollar to the bhat. For capital budgeting purposes, Ramo Corp needs to estimate the exchange rate 5 years from now. The U.S. interest rate is 2%; the interest rate in Thailand is 6%. The estimated 5 year forward rate is
A) 24.75 bhat to the dollar.
B) 36.36 bhat to the dollar.
C) 40.15 bhat to the dollar.
D) 27.17 bhat to the dollar.


6) RAH Inc., a U.S. corporation is evaluating a proposal to construct and lease an office building in Kiev. RAH's weighted average cost of capital is 11%. The risk free rate in the U.S. is 3.75%. RAH believes that conditions in Kiev warrant a required rate of return that is 12% above the risk-free rate. Cash flows from the hotel project should be discounted at
A) 23%.
B) 14.75%.
C) 15.75%.
D) 12%.



7) Some complexities of conducting international business include
A) multiple currencies.
B) differing legal requirements.
C) restrictions on repatriating earnings.
D) all of the above.


8) When multinational companies evaluate capital investments in foreign countries, they discount
A) pre-tax earnings of the foreign subsidiary.
B) foreign earnings at home country discount rates.
C) only earnings that are expected to be transferred back to the parent company.
D) all cash flows in the foreign currency at the host country discount rates.


9) Exchange rate risk
A) arises from the fact that the spot exchange rate on a future date is a random variable.
B) applies only to certain types of international businesses.
C) has been phased out due to recent international legislation.
D) is not a significant factor in foreign investment decisions.


10) Exchange rate risk
A) exists when the contract is written in terms of the foreign currency.
B) exists also in direct foreign investments and foreign portfolio investments.
C) does not exist if the international trade contract is written in terms of the domestic currency.
D) all of the above.


11) Risks of foreign direct investment potentially include
A) exchange rate fluctuations.
B) political instability.
C) competition from foreign competitors.
D) all of the above.


12) An important motive for direct foreign investment is to
A) gain entry to markets with economies growing faster than the U.S.
B) insulate the firm from fluctuations in the value of the dollar.
C) diversify political risks.
D) increase a project's NPV by using lower foreign discount rates.


13) If the net present value of a direct foreign investment is negative, the multinational firm should
A) reject any proposals.
B) consider establishing a sales office.
C) consider licensing.
D) both A and C.



14) The most serious type of political risk involves
A) restrictive labor concerning hiring, wages and layoffs.
B) major changes in tax rates.
C) price and wage controls.
D) expropriation of assets with limited compensation.


15) Capital markets in foreign countries
A) offer lower returns than those obtainable in the domestic capital markets.
B) provide international diversification.
C) in general are becoming less integrated due to the widespread availability of interest rate and currency swaps.
D) increase portfolio betas.


16) Expropriation of plant and equipment without compensation is an example of financial risk from direct foreign investments.
Answer:  FALSE


17) Economic exposure refers to the overall impact of exchange rate changes on the value of the firm.
Answer:  TRUE



18) The cost of debt used in the international investment decision is the lesser of the parent's or the subsidiary's cost of debt.
Answer:  FALSE


19) Because a large part of a subsidiary's equity funds comes from the parent, the subsidiary should use the same cost of equity as the parent.
Answer:  FALSE


20) Millheim Electronics is an American firm operating in India, whose government refuses to allow Millheim to send its earnings out of the country. This is an example of repatriation of profits.
Answer:  FALSE


21) Multinational corporations can have lower cost of capital and more continuous access to external finance compared to a domestic firm.
Answer:  TRUE


22) The relevant sources of risk for direct foreign investment capital budgeting decisions are the same as those faced when making domestic capital budgeting decisions.
Answer:  FALSE



23) The interest rate in the U.S. is 4%, in Switzerland it is 3%. The spot rate is 1.0232 USD to the Swiss franc. A U.S. based hotel chain needs to project forward exchange rates for the next five years. Complete the table below.

Year   Spot Rate
x rate differential
Forward Rate
0


1


2


3


4


5



Answer: 
Year   Spot Rate
x rate differential
Forward Rate
0   $0.9700/SF
1
$0 .9700/SF
1    $0.9700/SF
1.00977
$0.9794/SF
2    $0.9700/SF
(1.00977)2
$0.9890/SF
3    $0.9700/SF
(1.00977)3
$0.9987/SF
4    $0.9700/SF
(1.00977)4
$1.0085/SF
5    $0.9700/SF
(1.00977)5
$1.01832/SF


24) The spot exchange rate for the Thai bhat is 33.135 bhat to the dollar. The Host Hotel Company will be able to repatriate profits from its luxury resort hotel in Phuket in 5 years. It has estimated the 5 year forward rate at 38 bhat to the dollar. The risk-free rate in the U.S. is 4% and Host uses an 11 % risk premium for investments of this type. If the expected accumulated profits after 5 years are 100 million bhat, what is their present value in U.S. dollars.

Answer:  Present value in bhats is 100,000,000/(1 + .04 + .11)5 = 49,717,674. Dividing the PV in bhats by the forward price of 38 bhats to the dollar, we obtain $1,308,360.



25) What are some of the potential risks, other than exchange rate risk, that need to be considered in foreign direct investment decisions.

Answer:  Business risks involve issues such as product acceptance in foreign markets, competitive practices, legal protections for physical and intellectual property and the like. Financial risk could arise from the way in which the investment is financed. 

Political risk involves possible expropriation of property, locked up funds that cannot be converted into parent company currency, price controls, unexpected changes in tax rates, restrictive employment policies and the like. Unfortunately, these risks tend to be greater in the areas of greatest opportunity.


26) Briefly discuss the factors that multinational firms consider in arriving at capital structure decisions.

Answer:  Multinational firms should consider several factors in arriving at capital structure decisions. First, firms should consider how the capital structure of its local affiliates is influenced by the local norms of the industry and in that country. It is noted that norms will vary from country to country. Second, the local affiliate capital structure needs to reflect corporate attitudes toward exchange rate and political risk in that country. 

These risks would normally lead to higher levels of debt and other local capital. Third, the capital structure of the local affiliate must reflect home country requirements with regard to the company's consolidated capital structure. Last, the optimal capital structure should reflect wider access to financial markets as well as the ability to diversify economic and political risks.